Travel to Health

Figure 1.   Overview of the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) and O-GlcNAcylation. The HBP integrates four metabolism pathways, including carbohydrate (glucose), amino acid (glutamine), lipid (Acetyl-CoA) and nucleotide (UTP). O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a type of glycosylation that occurs when a monosaccharide, O-GlcNAc , is added onto serine or threonine residues of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and which can be reversibly removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA).  Dysregulation of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has been implicated in many pathologies including Alzheimer's disease  (AD), cancer , diabetes , and neurodegenerative disorders . [1] Figure 2 : Dynamic Competition between glycosylation and phosphorylation of proteins. A: Competition between OGT and kinase for the serine or threonine functional group of a protein. B: Adjacent-site occupancy where O-GlcNAc and O-phosphatase occur next ...

In [1], scientists use a machine learning approach to identify potential bioactive anti-COVID-19 molecules in foods. Top-Ranked Hyperfoods to Fight COVID-19 Using a network-based machine learning method, scientists have shown that certain plant-based foods such as: Berries Cruciferous vegetables Apples Citrus fruits Onions Garlic Beans are most enriched in terms of the diversity and relative abundance of bioactive molecules targeting the SARS-CoV-2- human interactome . For instance, blackcurrant is the top-ranked food source, which has the below phytochemical profile : alpha-tocopherol arachidonic acid catechol cinnamaldehyde coumarin kaempferol  quercetin  quercetin 3-rutinoside  myricetin  n-butanoate  daidzein  genistein  procyanidin  selenomethionine  trans-resveratrol  trehalose  Figure 1.   The contained profiles of compounds within specific foods, with predicted effectiveness in targeting SARS-CoV-2-host interactom...

Denatured type II collagen  (UC-II) appears to exert joint-health benefits by  oral tolerance , based on pre-clinical research. [1] Figure 1 .  Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are MALT located in gut Image Source: DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01701-2015 Oral Tolerance Oral tolerance  is an  immune process  the body uses to distinguish between  Innocuous compounds and e.g., dietary proteins, intestinal bacteria Harmful foreign invaders It takes place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue ( GALT ). The GALT is mostly made up of mesenteric lymph nodes and patches of lymphoid tissue  neighboring the small intestine  ( Peyer’s patches ).  [2] Peyer’s patches take in and screen compounds from the gut lumen and, depending on the compound, switch the body’s immune response on or off.  Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a component of the  mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue  (MALT) which works in the  immune system  ...

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Melatonin’s role in immunomodulation remains under investigation; its use for autoimmune or inflammatory disorders should be undertaken only under specialist supervision. Both Treg dysfunction and hyperactive responder T-cell proliferation contribute to disease. In this article, we will discuss the importance of regulating between Th17 and Treg cells. F igure 1.    IL‐6   mediates Th17 / Treg balance. IL‐6 induces Th17 differentiation from naïve T cells together with TGF‐β . On the other hand, IL‐6 inhibits Treg differentiation induced by TGF‐β . IL-6: Regulator of Treg/Th17 Balance Inflammatory T cells are thought to be central to the pathology of autoimmune diseases . Especially, the recently identified T‐cell subset, the  Th17  cells, shows pro‐inflammatory functions and plays a critical role in various autoimmune disorders. Recent studies have de...