What Could Be the Causes of Celiac Disease (CeD)?
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals (primarily those with HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 genes). While genetics and gluten exposure are essential, they do not fully explain the rising prevalence of CeD in developed countries over recent decades. Scientists increasingly point to environmental factors that disrupt immune tolerance to gluten, with the hygiene hypothesis (or its refined "Old Friends" variant) as a leading explanation. The Hygiene Hypothesis and CeD The hygiene hypothesis proposes that modern "cleaner" environments reduce early-life exposure to certain microbes, parasites, and infections (especially via the fecal-oral route), depriving the developing immune system of essential "training." This leads to an overly reactive immune system that may lose tolerance to harmless dietary proteins like gluten, contributing to autoimmune conditions such as CeD. Supporting evidence inc...